Revised by Cory Driver, 9/23
SUMMARY
First SamuelThe judge who anointed the first two kings of Israel. More continues where Judges left off. The Book of RuthThe great-grandmother of David. More comes between them in English Bibles, but not in the Hebrew Bible. Chapters 1-3 present the birth, call, and early ministry of Samuel. Chapters 4-7 relate the “adventures” of the ark of the covenant as it falls into Philistine hands. Chapter 8 is a transitional chapter describing the people’s demand for a king. Samuel and Saul interact in chapters 9-15. First Samuel comes to a close with a long section recounting the power struggles between SaulThe first king of Israel. More and David in chapters 16-31.
SO WHAT?
The lives of Samuel, Saul, and DavidSecond king of Israel, David united the northern and southern kingdoms. More, presented so graphically with all the faults of the human condition, can serve as mirrors of our own humanity. Seeing how God works in and through these people can help us discern the activity of God in our own relationships with the Lord and with others.
WHERE DO I FIND IT?
First Samuel is the ninth book of the Old Testament; it follows Ruth and precedes 2 Samuel.
WHO WROTE IT?
Ancient tradition identifies Samuel as the author of the first 24 chapters of 1 Samuel and asserts that the rest of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel were completed by Nathan and Gad. Today, many scholars believe that 1 and 2 Samuel are part of the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH) and that various older traditions have been gathered together and edited by a nameless exilic editor or editors.
WHEN WAS IT WRITTEN?
The final event recorded in Kings occurred in 561 BCE. Since the return from Babylon (538 BCE) is not recorded, one assumes that 1 Samuel reached its final form sometime between these two dates (561 and 538). It was written during the Babylonian exile as part of the Deuteronomistic HistoryDeuteronomistic history refers to the narrative contained in the books of Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings. This narrative, probably written in the age of Israel’s exile (mid-6th century B.C.E.), recounts Israel’s history prior to the exile. More, though the older traditions that comprise much of the narrative are considerably earlier than this.
WHAT’S IT ABOUT?
First Samuel recounts stories of Samuel, Saul, and David as they struggle with themselves, among each other, and with God, as Israel is transformed from a loose confederation of tribes led by the judges such as Gideon and Deborah to a nation ruled by a king.
HOW DO I READ IT?
First Samuel looks like a history of the new institution of kingship in Israel. While important historical information is presented, some of it is at odds with the presentation found in 1 Chronicles. Both Chronicles and Samuel should be read as theological, rather than historical, presentations of the early years of the monarchy. Samuel is part of a larger narrative (the Deuteronomistic History) designed to demonstrate the reasons for the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 722/721 BCE and Judah’s exile to Babylon in 587/586 BCE.