Augustus, who was earlier called Octavian, ruled the Roman Empire until his death in 14 CE. As the adopted son of Julius Caesar, he was designated the heir to the imperial throne. After Caesar’s death in 44 BCE, however, three men shared power until Octavian overcame his two rivals and was recognized as sole ruler by the Roman Senate in 27 BCE. Under his reign, the Roman Empire expanded its boundaries and enjoyed a period of general prosperity and security. Christ’s birth occurred during this period (Luke 2:1).