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  1. Summary of Hosea
  2. Outline of Hosea
  3. Background of Hosea
  4. Introductory Issues in Hosea
  5. Theological Themes in Hosea
  6. Bible in the World - Hosea
Lesson 1 of 6
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Summary of Hosea

Revised by Tyler Mayfield (7/24)

SUMMARY

The Book of Hosea is a collection of prophetic messages (2:2-23; 4:1-14:9) and narrative descriptions of Hosea’s marriage and the birth of his children (1:2-2:1; 3:1-5). Most of Hosea’s prophetic oracles are announcements of God’s anger with Israel, a.k.a. Ephraim (the northern of the two Israelite kingdoms in the eighth century BCE) and God’s impending judgment on the people. Hosea’s messages focus on Israel’s unfaithfulness to the Lord. This lack of faithfulness is seen in Israel’s worship of other gods (alongside the Lord). The religious leaders of the people are singled out by Hosea for condemnation. Their job was to lead the people in faithfulness, but they actually did the opposite. The prophet also criticizes the political leaders of the nation for forming covenants with Egypt and Assyria, rather than relying on the Lord. The book also includes messages of hope, most notably the tender image of God as the parent who taught the child Israel to walk and will not, in the end, abandon the nation.

SO WHAT?

The messages of Hosea announce sharply that God’s relationship with human beings includes judgment–and that this relationship continues on the other side of judgment, because God is faithful. Hosea teaches that to know God is to have one’s entire life transformed in faith and obedience. God’s anger was provoked because the people both worshiped other gods and oppressed their neighbors, sins that Hosea sees as related.

WHERE DO I FIND IT?

Hosea is the 28th book in the Old Testament. It is the first of the so-called “minor” (or shorter) prophets, the 12 books that make up the final portion of the Old Testament.

WHO WROTE IT?

Most of the oracles in the Book of Hosea were spoken by Hosea. We do not know if he wrote them down himself; his words were most probably collected by followers who were convinced that Hosea spoke for God. It is likely that an editor placed Hosea’s messages in the present order and composed the narrative descriptions of Hosea’s family life (chapters 1 and 3). It is also likely that the editor arranged the book so that each major section (1-3; 4-11; 12-14) ends with a word of hope.

WHEN WAS IT WRITTEN?

Hosea most likely spoke his messages between the years 750 and 722 BCE. During this time period, the Assyrian Empire was expanding, and the Northern Kingdom of Israel was under great threat of attack and destruction. Sometime after that destruction in 722 BCE, the messages of Hosea were collected, edited, and copied. It is not clear when this process was completed, but it is likely that it was finished before the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.

WHAT’S IT ABOUT?

The Book of Hosea is about God’s loving relationship with the chosen people–a love that leads God to judge the people when they love other gods and oppress each other, but also a relationship to which God is faithful on the other side of judgment.

HOW DO I READ IT?

The prophetic messages in the Book of Hosea can be read both individually and as a group. A study Bible can help with Hosea’s metaphors, references to history and tradition, and references to social practices of his time. Read together, the messages make clear that the judgment proclaimed by Hosea was neither a departure from God’s history of dealing with the people nor an end to that history, but an ongoing part of that history.